CYBER SECURITY & NETWORKING

 Subnetting means dividing a big network into smaller logical networks in order to reduce the complexities that arise if we had to analyze a huge network as a whole. Subnetting is an important part of networking. Subnetting is also an essential part when it comes to CCNA, CompTIA N+, etc. Here the 255.255.255.0 is the subnet. The subnet has 4 parts in which each part consists of 8 bits(1's and 0's) so this 255 is actually made up of 8 bits. If all the 8 1's are active then it becomes 255 and if all 0's are active, it becomes 0. Thus the arrangement of these 0's and 1's determines what that the subnet would be. 128   64   32   16   8   4   2   1        128   64   32   16   8   4   2   1     128   64   32   16   8   4   2   1    ...

 In the last couple of writeups, we talked about various things related to protocols, IP addresses, MAC Addresses, etc. We used the term layers and we talked about various layers like layer 2, layer 3, etc for various terms and protocols and addresses. Here's where all these layers lie and it is the model that comprises of and gives information about these layers. We are going to talk about the OSI Model. OSI stands for Open System Interconnection and as the name suggests OSI model sets standards for the systems that are open to communicating with other systems. Sometimes during technical discussions, a switch may be referred to as layer 2 or a router as layer 3 so it is extremely important to have a good idea about the OSI model. The OSI model comprises 7 layers. An easy way to remember them is a sentence that goes like A P enguin S aid T hat N obody D rinks P epsi. (Top to bottom order) (If you're a Pepsi lover please don't get offended this is just for the sake of reme...

 What is up guys! In this blog, I'm going to talk about What are ports? What are Protocols? What is TCP? What is UDP? etc. A Port is a place in the computer, which it uses to communicate and host various processes. We can easily relate this theory of Ports to a shopping mall. Imagine that you visit a shopping mall. What do you see there? A lot of shops right? Now, when you look at a centralized map of the mall, you'll notice the shop and its floor and number, etc. Thus each shop has it's own shop number and each shop provides some product to you.  Another example can be your own body itself!! If you want to speak, there's a particular place reserved for it, if you want to see things, there's a special place reserved for it, if you want to hear, there is a special place reserved for it and the list goes on. In the above examples, you can assume your body and the shopping mall as a computer system and the special places and the shops as ports. Similarly in computers, ...

Hello Guys, So last time we talked about IP Addresses which make up layer 3 (Network Layer) of the OSI Model and are also useful in routing. Today, we are going to talk about MAC Addresses which make up layer 2 (Datalink Layer) of the OSI Model. MAC stands for Media Access Control. MAC address is a 48-bit physical address that is embedded into the NIC (Network Interface Controller). These 6 sections are actually 6 octets. (FIGURE A)                                                                          (FIGURE B) The address that you see just next to ether is the MAC Address. This address is used by switches to communicate and know what the device really is. MAC address has the first 3 octets as their identifiers. These 3 octets or 24 bits form the OUI (Organisationally Unique Identifier) and the remain...

Networking Basics Greetings of the day Cyber Enthusiasts!!! Here I am with a series of writeups on some basics of Cyber-Security. As I also am a learner just like you. I would really appreciate it if you join me through this journey of mine. There will be hurdles, there will be challenges, there will be thorns in the way... But believe me, with each and every milestone that we reach, we'll be a bit more knowledgeable than the absolute beginners and others of our kind and ultimately, when we would have made significant progress in this field, the mindset that we would be having, the approach to solving the challenges that we'll be having would be on another level. So without further ado, let's dive into some basics of Networking. What is a Computer Network? You can define a Computer Network as a collection of computers interconnected to each other following some common rules/protocols in order to share data among themselves.  Today we're going to talk about IP Addresses ...